Where every number comes from

BMI (Asia-Pacific)

World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific. (2000). The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. Health Communications Australia.

Mean Arterial Pressure

Singer, M., Deutschman, C. S., Seymour, C. W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., … Angus, D. C. (2016). The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA, 315(8), 801–810.

eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021)

Inker, L. A., Eneanya, N. D., Coresh, J., Tighiouart, H., Wang, D., Sang, Y., … Levey, A. S. (2021). New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(19), 1737–1749.

Glasgow Coma Scale

Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. The Lancet, 304(7872), 81–84.

CURB-65

Lim, W. S., van der Eerden, M. M., Laing, R., Boersma, W. G., Karalus, N., Town, G. I., … Macfarlane, J. T. (2003). Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study. Thorax, 58(5), 377–382.

Maintenance Fluid (4-2-1)

Holliday, M. A., & Segar, W. E. (1957). The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics, 19(5), 823–832.

Rule of Nines + Parkland

Baxter, C. R., & Shires, T. (1968). Physiological response to crystalloid resuscitation of severe burns. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 150(3), 874–894.

WHO Anthropometry

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2020). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Standar Antropometri Anak. Kemenkes RI.

WHO Anthropometry (standards)

World Health Organization. (2006). WHO child growth standards: Length/height-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, weight-for-height and body mass index-for-age: Methods and development. WHO.

CDC Anthropometry

Kuczmarski, R. J., Ogden, C. L., Guo, S. S., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Flegal, K. M., Mei, Z., … Johnson, C. L. (2002). 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital and Health Statistics, 11(246), 1–190.

New Ballard Score

Ballard, J. L., Khoury, J. C., Wedig, K., Wang, L., Eilers-Walsman, B. L., & Lipp, R. (1991). New Ballard Score, expanded to include extremely premature infants. The Journal of Pediatrics, 119(3), 417–423.

APGAR Score

Apgar, V. (1953). A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia, 32(4), 260–267.

Lubchenco Classification

Lubchenco, L. O., Hansman, C., Dressler, M., & Boyd, E. (1963). Intrauterine growth as estimated from liveborn birth-weight data at 24 to 42 weeks of gestation. Pediatrics, 32(5), 793–800.

Developmental Screen

Frankenburg, W. K., Dodds, J., Archer, P., Shapiro, H., & Bresnick, B. (1992). The Denver II: A major revision and restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Pediatrics, 89(1), 91–97.

Mid-Parental Height

Tanner, J. M., Goldstein, H., & Whitehouse, R. H. (1970). Standards for children's height at ages 2–9 years allowing for height of parents. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 45(244), 755–762.

Dehydration (WHO/IMCI)

World Health Organization & UNICEF. (2014). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Chart booklet. WHO.

Immunization Checker

Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. (2024). Jadwal imunisasi anak umur 0–18 tahun rekomendasi IDAI 2024. IDAI.

Severe Malnutrition Feeding

World Health Organization. (2013). Guideline: Updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. WHO.

Downe Score

Downes, J. J., Vidyasagar, D., Boggs, T. R., & Morrow, G. M. (1970). Respiratory distress syndrome of newborn infants: New clinical scoring system. Clinical Pediatrics, 9(6), 325–331.

Pediatric TB Scoring

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2016). Petunjuk teknis manajemen dan tatalaksana TB anak. Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit, Kemenkes RI.

Glucose Infusion Rate

Kalhan, S. C., & Kiliç, İ. (1999). Carbohydrate as nutrient in the infant and child: Range of acceptable intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53(Suppl 1), S94–S100.

Sodium Correction

Adrogué, H. J., & Madias, N. E. (2000). Hyponatremia. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(21), 1581–1589.

Potassium Correction

Kim, G.-H., & Han, J. S. (2002). Therapeutic approach to hypokalemia. Nephron, 92(Suppl 1), 28–32.

Blood Gas Analysis

Berend, K., de Vries, A. P. J., & Gans, R. O. B. (2014). Physiological approach to assessment of acid–base disturbances. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(15), 1434–1445.

Winter's Formula

Albert, M. S., Dell, R. B., & Winters, R. W. (1967). Quantitative displacement of acid–base equilibrium in metabolic acidosis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 66(2), 312–322.

Caloric Needs (Broca-Lorentz)

Lorentz, F. H. (1929). Ein neuer Konstitutionsindex. Klinische Wochenschrift, 8(8), 348–351.

qSOFA

Seymour, C. W., Liu, V. X., Iwashyna, T. J., Brunkhorst, F. M., Rea, T. D., Scherag, A., … Angus, D. C. (2016). Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis. JAMA, 315(8), 762–774.

SIRS Criteria

Bone, R. C., Balk, R. A., Cerra, F. B., Dellinger, R. P., Fein, A. M., Knaus, W. A., … Sibbald, W. J. (1992). Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest, 101(6), 1644–1655.

Cockcroft-Gault

Cockcroft, D. W., & Gault, M. H. (1976). Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron, 16(1), 31–41.

KDIGO CKD Risk Category

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. (2024). KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney International, 105(4S), S117–S314.

ECG 12-Lead Interpretation

Surawicz, B., Childers, R., Deal, B. J., & Gettes, L. S. (2009). AHA/ACCF/HRS recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram: Part III. Circulation, 119(10), e235–e240.

QTc (Bazett, Fridericia)

Bazett, H. C. (1920). An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart, 7, 353–370.

Sokolow-Lyon LVH

Sokolow, M., & Lyon, T. P. (1949). The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. American Heart Journal, 37(2), 161–186.

Cornell Voltage Criteria

Casale, P. N., Devereux, R. B., Kligfield, P., Eisenberg, R. R., Miller, D. H., Chaudhary, B. S., & Phillips, M. C. (1985). Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 6(3), 572–580.

ACC/AHA Heart Failure Stages

Heidenreich, P. A., Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., Allen, L. A., Byun, J. J., Colvin, M. M., … Yancy, C. W. (2022). 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure. Circulation, 145(18), e895–e1032.

CHA₂DS₂-VASc

Hindricks, G., Potpara, T., Dagres, N., Arbelo, E., Bax, J. J., Blomström-Lundqvist, C., … Watkins, C. L. (2021). 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the EACTS. European Heart Journal, 42(5), 373–498.

Killip Classification

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2019). Pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteran tata laksana sindroma koroner akut (KMK HK.01.07/MENKES/675/2019). Kemenkes RI.

Klasifikasi Hipertensi

Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2021). Pedoman nasional pelayanan kedokteran tata laksana hipertensi dewasa (KMK HK.01.07/MENKES/4634/2021). Kemenkes RI.

NYHA Functional Classification

Dolgin, M., & New York Heart Association Criteria Committee. (1994). Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of diseases of the heart and great vessels (9th ed.). Little, Brown.

Fletcher Hearing Loss Index

Fletcher, H. (1950). A method of calculating hearing loss for speech from an audiogram. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 22(1), 1–5.

ARIA Criteria

Bousquet, J., Khaltaev, N., Cruz, A. A., Denburg, J., Fokkens, W. J., Togias, A., … Williams, D. (2008). Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 update. Allergy, 63(Suppl 86), 8–160.

Modified Centor (McIsaac)

McIsaac, W. J., White, D., Tannenbaum, D., & Low, D. E. (1998). A clinical score to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in patients with sore throat. CMAJ, 158(1), 75–83.

NOSE Score

Stewart, M. G., Witsell, D. L., Smith, T. L., Weaver, E. M., Yueh, B., & Hannley, M. T. (2004). Development and validation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, 130(2), 157–163.

Reflux Symptom Index

Belafsky, P. C., Postma, G. N., & Koufman, J. A. (2002). Validity and reliability of the Reflux Symptom Index (RSI). Journal of Voice, 16(2), 274–277.

Paradise Criteria

Paradise, J. L., Bluestone, C. D., Bachman, R. Z., Colborn, D. K., Bernard, B. S., Taylor, F. H., … Smith, I. H. (1984). Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. New England Journal of Medicine, 310(11), 674–683.

STOP-BANG

Chung, F., Yegneswaran, B., Liao, P., Chung, S. A., Vairavanathan, S., Islam, S., … Shapiro, C. M. (2008). STOP questionnaire: A tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology, 108(5), 812–821.

Hasanuddin Stroke Score

Aliah, A., Kuswara, F. F., Limoa, R. A., & Wuysang, G. (1996). Skor Stroke Hasanuddin. Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Saraf, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hasanuddin.

Siriraj Stroke Score

Poungvarin, N., Viriyavejakul, A., & Komontri, C. (1991). Siriraj stroke score and validation study to distinguish supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage from infarction. BMJ, 302(6792), 1565–1567.

NIHSS

Brott, T., Adams, H. P., Olinger, C. P., Marler, J. R., Barsan, W. G., Biller, J., … Hertzberg, V. (1989). Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: A clinical examination scale. Stroke, 20(7), 864–870.

ABCD² Score

Johnston, S. C., Rothwell, P. M., Nguyen-Huynh, M. N., Giles, M. F., Elkins, J. S., Bernstein, A. L., & Sidney, S. (2007). Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. The Lancet, 369(9558), 283–292.

FOUR Score

Wijdicks, E. F. M., Bamlet, W. R., Maramattom, B. V., Manno, E. M., & McClelland, R. L. (2005). Validation of a new coma scale: The FOUR score. Annals of Neurology, 58(4), 585–593.

Naegele's Rule

Naegele, F. K. (1812). Lehrbuch der Geburtshilfe für Hebammen. Heidelberg.

Fundal Height (McDonald)

McDonald, R. L. (1906). The significance of the fundal height in obstetric practice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, 54, 190–196.

Bishop Score

Bishop, E. H. (1964). Pelvic scoring for elective induction. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 24, 266–268.

VBAC Score (Flamm-Geiger)

Flamm, B. L., & Geiger, A. M. (1997). Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: An admission scoring system. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 90(6), 907–910.

Trauma Primary Survey (ATLS)

American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. (2018). Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) student course manual (10th ed.). American College of Surgeons.

Alvarado Score

Alvarado, A. (1986). A practical score for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 15(5), 557–564.

Advanced Burn Calculator

Pham, T. N., Cancio, L. C., & Gibran, N. S. (2008). American Burn Association practice guidelines: Burn shock resuscitation. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 29(1), 257–266.

KPSP (SDIDTK)

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 66 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemantauan Pertumbuhan, Perkembangan, dan Gangguan Tumbuh Kembang Anak, lampiran instrumen SDIDTK bagian KPSP

Jadwal Imunisasi Program Nasional

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.01.07/Menkes/1098/2024 tentang Jenis dan Jadwal Imunisasi Program, ditetapkan 1 Juli 2024, sebagaimana diubah dengan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.01.07/Menkes/35/2025 tanggal 21 Januari 2025

Klasifikasi Pneumonia Balita WHO

World Health Organization & UNICEF. (2014). Integrated Management of Childhood Illness: Chart booklet. WHO.

Kriteria Stunting & Rujukan

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 2 Tahun 2020 tentang Standar Antropometri Anak, Lampiran Bab III huruf B (Kategori dan Ambang Batas Status Gizi Anak) dan Bab IV

Phoenix Sepsis Criteria (Pediatric)

Schlapbach LJ, Watson RS, Sorce LR, et al. International Consensus Criteria for Pediatric Sepsis and Septic Shock. JAMA. 2024;331(8):665-674. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.0179

Westley Croup Score

Westley, C. R., Cotton, E. K., & Brooks, J. G. (1978). Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup: A double-blind study. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 132(5), 484–487.

Silverman-Andersen Score

Silverman, W. A., & Andersen, D. H. (1956). A controlled clinical trial of effects of water mist on obstructive respiratory signs, death rate and necropsy findings among premature infants. Pediatrics, 17(1), 1–10.

Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS)

Samuel, M. (2002). Pediatric appendicitis score. Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 37(6), 877–881.

Kramer Rule (Visual Jaundice Zones)

Kramer LI. Advancement of dermal icterus in the jaundiced newborn. Am J Dis Child 1969;118(3):454-58. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1969.02100040456007

Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale

Child's Glasgow Coma Scale, Revised BPNA 2001, British Paediatric Neurology Association GCS Audit Group. Evolved from Jennett & Teasdale, Lancet 1977;i:878-81, James & Trauner 1985, and Tatman, Warren, Williams, Powell, Whitehouse, Arch Dis Child 1997;77:519-21

Injury Severity Score (ISS)

Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W Jr, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma 1974;14(3):187-96. doi 10.1097/00005373-197403000-00001

Revised Trauma Score (RTS)

Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the Trauma Score. J Trauma 1989;29(5):623-9. doi 10.1097/00005373-198905000-00017

ASA Physical Status Classification

American Society of Anesthesiologists, Statement on ASA Physical Status Classification System, Committee on Economics, original approval 15 October 2014, last amended 13 December 2020; now also issued as Anesthesiology Open 2025;1(1):e0002, doi 10.1097/ao9.0000000000000002

Mallampati Classification

Mallampati SR, Gatt SP, Gugino LD, Desai SP, Waraksa B, Freiberger D, Liu PL. A clinical sign to predict difficult tracheal intubation: a prospective study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985;32(4):429-34. Four class version from Samsoon GL, Young JR. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia 1987;42(5):487-90

Cormack-Lehane Grade

Cormack RS, Lehane J. Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 1984;39(11):1105-11. Subdivision of grades 2 and 3 from Cook TM. A new practical classification of laryngeal view. Anaesthesia 2000;55(3):274-9

LEMON & MOANS Airway Assessment

Reed MJ, Dunn MJG, McKeown DW. Can an airway assessment score predict difficulty at intubation in the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2005;22(2):99-102, doi 10.1136/emj.2003.008771

Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI/Lee)

Lee, T. H., Marcantonio, E. R., Mangione, C. M., Thomas, E. J., Polanczyk, C. A., Cook, E. F., … Goldman, L. (1999). Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation, 100(10), 1043–1049.

Caprini VTE Risk Score

Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in Nonorthopedic Surgical Patients. Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e227S-e277S, carrying the 2005 Caprini Risk Assessment Model (Caprini JA. Dis Mon 2005;51(2-3):70-78)

Padua Prediction Score

Barbar S, Noventa F, Rossetto V, et al. A risk assessment model for the identification of hospitalized medical patients at risk for venous thromboembolism: the Padua Prediction Score. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8(11):2450-57. doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04044.x

Wells Score for DVT

Wells, P. S., Anderson, D. R., Rodger, M., Forgie, M., Kearon, C., Dreyer, J., … Kovacs, M. J. (2003). Evaluation of D-dimer in the diagnosis of suspected deep-vein thrombosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 349(13), 1227–1235.

Ottawa Ankle & Foot Rules

Stiell, I. G., Greenberg, G. H., McKnight, R. D., Nair, R. C., McDowell, I., Reardon, M., … Maloney, J. (1993). Decision rules for the use of radiography in acute ankle injuries: Refinement and prospective validation. JAMA, 269(9), 1127–1132.

Ottawa Knee Rule

Stiell IG, Greenberg GH, Wells GA, et al. Prospective validation of a decision rule for the use of radiography in acute knee injuries. JAMA 1996;275(8):611-15

Wagner Classification (Diabetic Foot)

Wagner FW Jr. The dysvascular foot: a system for diagnosis and treatment. Foot Ankle 1981;2(2):64-122. doi:10.1177/107110078100200202, PMID 7319435. Grade wording cross-read against IWGDF 2023 classification guideline.

Klasifikasi Gustilo-Anderson

Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones: retrospective and prospective analyses. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1976;58(4):453-8, PMID 773941. Type III subtypes from Gustilo RB, Mendoza RM, Williams DN. Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma 1984;24(8):742-6, PMID 6471139.

Klasifikasi Luka Operasi (Kelas I-IV)

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR, Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20(4):247-280

PASI

Fredriksson T, Pettersson U. Severe psoriasis, oral therapy with a new retinoid. Dermatologica 1978;157(4):238-44, doi 10.1159/000250839. Scoring detail read from EMEA/CHMP/EWP/2454/02, Guideline on clinical investigation of medicinal products indicated for the treatment of psoriasis, EMEA 2004, Appendix.

Kriteria Hanifin-Rajka

Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980;60(Suppl 92):44-47, doi 10.2340/00015555924447

SCORTEN

Bastuji-Garin S, Fouchard N, Bertocchi M, Roujeau JC, Revuz J, Wolkenstein P. SCORTEN: a severity-of-illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115(2):149-53, doi 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00061.x

Klasifikasi Fitzpatrick

Fitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Arch Dermatol 1988;124(6):869-71, doi 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008

ABCDE Melanoma Criteria

Abbasi NR, Shaw HM, Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, McCarthy WH, Osman I, Kopf AW, Polsky D. Early diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma: revisiting the ABCD criteria. JAMA 2004;292(22):2771-6, doi 10.1001/jama.292.22.2771

Klasifikasi Akne (Lehmann / FKUI)

Lehmann HP, Andrews JS, Robinson KA, Holloway V, Goodman SN. Management of Acne. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 2001 Sep. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments No. 17, chapter Results: Summary of Literature, section Acne Severity. Companion journal paper: Lehmann HP, Robinson KA, Andrews JS, Holloway V, Goodman SN. Acne therapy: a methodologic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47(2):231-40, doi 10.1067/mjd.2002.120912

Klasifikasi Luka Bakar Derajat & Kriteria Rujukan

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.01.07/MENKES/555/2019 tentang Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Luka Bakar, Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 7 November 2019. Klasifikasi kedalaman pada Tabel 5 dan kriteria rujuk pada Tabel 6, keduanya mengikuti kursus Emergency Management of Severe Burns dari ANZBA. Dibandingkan dengan ABA Guidelines for Burn Patient Referral, American Burn Association.

APACHE II

Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;13(10):818-29

Triase METTAG / START

START Adult Triage Algorithm, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM), US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response. Method developed in 1983 by Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian and the Newport Beach Fire and Marine Department; radial pulse modification, Benson et al. 1996

Sistem Triase IGD Nasional

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor 47 Tahun 2018 tentang Pelayanan Kegawatdaruratan, Lampiran, bagian triase

Parkland vs Modified Brooke Formula Comparison

Cartotto R, Johnson LS, Savetamal A, Greenhalgh D, Kubasiak JC, Pham TN, Rizzo JA, Sen S, Main E. American Burn Association Clinical Practice Guidelines on Burn Shock Resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2024;45(3):565-589. doi:10.1093/jbcr/irad125

Rule of 15 & Hypoglycaemia Protocol

American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic Goals, Hypoglycemia, and Hyperglycemic Crises: Standards of Care in Diabetes 2026. Diabetes Care 2026;49(Suppl 1):S132-S149. doi 10.2337/dc26-S006

Antidot & Tabel Keracunan Umum

Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan, Pusat Kebijakan Sistem Ketahanan Kesehatan. Buku Pedoman Penanganan Keracunan Alami dan Non Alami, Edisi 2024, Bab III Penatalaksanaan Keracunan dan Bab V Antidot Spesifik Toksin. Daftar antidot disilangkan terhadap WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list, 2025, bagian 4, doi 10.2471/B09474

Rumple Leede & Uji Tourniquet

WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia. Comprehensive Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Revised and expanded edition. New Delhi, 2011, footnote g to the DHF case definition, p. 24, and the primary triage instructions on p. 42

Kriteria Diagnosis DM Tipe 2

PERKENI, Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia 2024, Bab 3 (Definisi, Diagnosis & Skrining), subbab 3.2 dan Tabel 3

Target Kontrol Glikemik

PERKENI, Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia 2024, subbab 6.4 (Kriteria Pengendalian DM) dan Tabel 7

Alur Terapi DM Tipe 2

PERKENI, Pedoman Pengelolaan dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Dewasa di Indonesia 2024, Bab 8 subbab 8.3 (Pilihan Terapi Antihiperglikemik), Gambar 1 sampai 4

Kriteria Diagnosis KAD (DKA)

Kitabchi, A. E., Umpierrez, G. E., Miles, J. M., & Fisher, J. N. (2009). Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32(7), 1335–1343.

Kriteria Diagnosis SHH (HHS)

Kitabchi, A. E., Umpierrez, G. E., Miles, J. M., & Fisher, J. N. (2009). Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32(7), 1335–1343.

Kriteria Sindrom Metabolik

Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., … Smith, S. C., Jr. (2009). Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: A joint interim statement. Circulation, 120(16), 1640–1645.

Wayne Index

Wayne EJ. Clinical and Metabolic Studies in Thyroid Disease I. Br Med J 1960;1(5165):1-11, Table I. Index derived in Crooks J, Murray IPC, Wayne EJ. Q J Med 1959;28:211-34

Burch-Wartofsky Point Scale

Burch HB, Wartofsky L. Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22(2):263-77

Whipple's Triad

Cryer PE, Axelrod L, Grossman AB, Heller SR, Montori VM, Seaquist ER, Service FJ. Evaluation and Management of Adult Hypoglycemic Disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(3):709-28

Body Surface Area (Mosteller, DuBois, Haycock)

Mosteller, R. D. (1987). Simplified calculation of body-surface area [Letter]. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(17), 1098.

Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale

Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;30(2):239-245, as reproduced in full in LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, last update 4 May 2019

Kategori Keamanan Obat pada Kehamilan

Content and Format of Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products; Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling. Final rule, 79 FR 72063, 4 December 2014, effective 30 June 2015. Docket FDA-2006-N-0515, RIN 0910-AF11. Category definitions read from 21 CFR 201.57(c)(9)(i)(A), 2014 annual edition.

Penyesuaian Dosis pada Gangguan Ginjal

KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int 2024;105(4S):S117-S314, Chapter 4, Section 4.2, Practice Points 4.2.1 to 4.2.5. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018

Penyesuaian Dosis pada Gangguan Hati

FDA Guidance for Industry, Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Impaired Hepatic Function: Study Design, Data Analysis, and Impact on Dosing and Labeling. CDER and CBER, May 2003. Sections II, III, V.C and VI, and the Appendix, Assessment of Liver Function

Tabel Interaksi Obat Mayor

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Daftar Obat LASA & High Alert

Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 72 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Rumah Sakit, Lampiran, Bab II. Berita Negara RI Tahun 2017 Nomor 49, berlaku 9 Januari 2017

Konversi Kortikosteroid

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Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score

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MELD & MELD-Na

Kim, W. R., Mannalithara, A., Heimbach, J. K., Kamath, P. S., Asrani, S. K., Biggins, S. W., … Kwong, A. J. (2021). MELD 3.0: The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease updated for the modern era. Gastroenterology, 161(6), 1887–1895.

Glasgow-Blatchford Bleeding Score

Blatchford, O., Murray, W. R., & Blatchford, M. (2000). A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The Lancet, 356(9238), 1318–1321.

Ranson Criteria

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West Haven Criteria

Vilstrup, H., Amodio, P., Bajaj, J., Cordoba, J., Ferenci, P., Mullen, K. D., … Wong, P. (2014). Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by AASLD and EASL. Hepatology, 60(2), 715–735.

FIB-4 Index

Sterling, R. K., Lissen, E., Clumeck, N., Sola, R., Correa, M. C., Montaner, J., … Nelson, M. (2006). Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology, 43(6), 1317–1325.

APRI Score

World Health Organization. (2024). Guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment for people with chronic hepatitis B infection. WHO.

Timed Up and Go Test (TUG)

Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39(2):142-8. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb01616.x

Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)

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STRONGkids

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NRS-2002

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Harris-Benedict Equation (Revised)

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Kriteria GLIM Malnutrisi

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Refeeding Syndrome Risk Criteria

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Tabel Komposisi Pangan Indonesia (TKPI)

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SOFA Score

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Sepsis-3 Definitions

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Klasifikasi Dengue WHO 2009

World Health Organization. (2009). Dengue: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control (New ed., WHO/HTM/NTD/DEN/2009.1). WHO.

Tatalaksana Cairan Dengue Dewasa & Anak

KMK RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/4636/2021, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Infeksi Dengue Anak dan Remaja, Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2021. Angka dewasa dari KMK RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/9845/2020, PNPK Tata Laksana Infeksi Dengue pada Dewasa, 2020.

Kriteria Rawat Inap Dengue

KMK RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/9845/2020, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Infeksi Dengue pada Dewasa, Kementerian Kesehatan RI, 2020. Kriteria anak dari KMK RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/4636/2021, PNPK Tata Laksana Infeksi Dengue Anak dan Remaja, 2021.

Kriteria Malaria Berat WHO

World Health Organization. (2025). WHO guidelines for malaria. WHO.

Alur Diagnosis & Terapi Malaria Nasional

KMK RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/556/2019, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Malaria, Kementerian Kesehatan RI, ditetapkan 20 September 2019

WHO Clinical Staging of HIV (Dewasa & Anak)

World Health Organization. (2007). WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. WHO.

Kategori Pajanan Rabies WHO

World Health Organization. (2018). Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2018. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 93(16), 201–220.

Framingham Criteria for Heart Failure

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HAS-BLED

Hindricks, G., Potpara, T., Dagres, N., Arbelo, E., Bax, J. J., Blomström-Lundqvist, C., … Watkins, C. L. (2021). 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the EACTS. European Heart Journal, 42(5), 373–498.

TIMI Risk Score (UA/NSTEMI)

Antman, E. M., Cohen, M., Bernink, P. J. L. M., McCabe, C. H., Horacek, T., Papuchis, G., … Braunwald, E. (2000). The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI. JAMA, 284(7), 835–842.

TIMI Risk Score (STEMI)

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GRACE ACS Risk Score

Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al; GRACE Investigators. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(19):2345-53. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.19.2345. Point tabulation and risk bands as printed in PERKI, Pedoman Tata Laksana Sindrom Koroner Akut, edisi 4, 2018, Tabel 2.5 and Tabel 2.6.

HEART Score for Chest Pain

Six AJ, Backus BE, Kelder JC. Chest pain in the emergency room: value of the HEART score. Neth Heart J 2008;16(6):191-6

Canadian Cardiovascular Society Angina Class

Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 1976;54(3):522-3 (PMID 947585), grade wording as reprinted by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society

Jakarta Cardiovascular Score

Kusmana D. The influence of smoking cessation, regular physical exercise and/or physical activity on survival: a 13 years cohort study of the Indonesian population in Jakarta. Med J Indones 2002;11(4):230-41. doi:10.13181/mji.v11i4.78. Jakarta Cardiovascular Score as printed in Table 5, page 237.

Duke Criteria for Infective Endocarditis

Fowler VG Jr, Durack DT, Selton-Suty C, et al. The 2023 Duke-International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases Criteria for Infective Endocarditis: Updating the Modified Duke Criteria. Clin Infect Dis 2023;77(4):518-26

Wells Score for Pulmonary Embolism

British Columbia Ministry of Health. (2024). Venous thromboembolism: Diagnosis and management (BC Guidelines). Government of British Columbia.

Revised Geneva Score

Konstantinides, S. V., Meyer, G., Becattini, C., Bueno, H., Geersing, G.-J., Harjola, V.-P., … Zamorano, J. L. (2020). 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the ERS. European Heart Journal, 41(4), 543–603.

PERC Rule

Kline, J. A., Courtney, D. M., Kabrhel, C., Moore, C. L., Smithline, H. A., Plewa, M. C., … Beam, D. M. (2008). Prospective multicenter evaluation of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 6(5), 772–780.

Konversi Visus Snellen, Desimal & LogMAR

DICOM PS3.17, Annex RR, Section RR.2, Reference Tables for Equivalent Visual Acuity Notations

International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Scale

Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL 3rd, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, Dills D, Kampik A, Pararajasegaram R, Verdaguer JT; Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003;110(9):1677-82. DOI 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5

Klasifikasi Retinopati Hipertensif (Keith-Wagener-Barker)

Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1939;197:332-343, reprinted Am J Med Sci 1974;268(6):336-45

Triase Mata Merah

American Academy of Ophthalmology, Cornea/External Disease Preferred Practice Pattern Panel. Conjunctivitis Preferred Practice Pattern. Ophthalmology 2024;131(4):P134-P204, doi 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.12.037, approved by the Board of Trustees 22 September 2023

KDIGO AKI Staging

KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012;2(1):1-138. Recommendations 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, Table 2

Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa)

Espinel, C. H. (1976). The FENa test: Use in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. JAMA, 236(6), 579–581.

Urine Anion Gap

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Corrected Calcium for Albumin

Payne, R. B., Little, A. J., Williams, R. B., & Milner, J. R. (1973). Interpretation of serum calcium in patients with abnormal serum proteins. British Medical Journal, 4(5893), 643–646.

Serum & Effective Osmolality

Dorwart WV, Chalmers L, Clin Chem 1975;21(2):190–4, doi:10.1093/clinchem/21.2.190

Kriteria Rujukan & Indikasi Dialisis

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1634/2023, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Penyakit Ginjal Kronik, disusun Pengurus Besar PERNEFRI. Bab tentang rujukan nefrologi dan bagian J, Terapi Pengganti Ginjal

Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)

van Swieten, J. C., Koudstaal, P. J., Visser, M. C., Schouten, H. J. A., & van Gijn, J. (1988). Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke, 19(5), 604–607.

Barthel Index

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Hunt & Hess Grade

Hunt, W. E., & Hess, R. M. (1968). Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery, 28(1), 14–20.

ICH Score

Hemphill, J. C., III, Bonovich, D. C., Besmertis, L., Manley, G. T., & Johnston, S. C. (2001). The ICH score: A simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke, 32(4), 891–897.

Canadian CT Head Rule

Stiell, I. G., Wells, G. A., Vandemheen, K., Clement, C., Lesiuk, H., Laupacis, A., … Worthington, J. (2001). The Canadian CT Head Rule for patients with minor head injury. The Lancet, 357(9266), 1391–1396.

NEXUS C-Spine Criteria

Hoffman, J. R., Mower, W. R., Wolfson, A. B., Todd, K. H., & Zucker, M. I. (2000). Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(2), 94–99.

Canadian C-Spine Rule

Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. The Canadian C-Spine Rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA 2001;286(15):1841-48

ILAE Seizure & Epilepsy Classification

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Definisi Operasional Status Epileptikus

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Hoehn & Yahr Staging

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mRS-based Thrombolysis Eligibility Checklist

Prabhakaran S, Gonzalez NR, Zachrison KS, et al. 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2026;57(8):e316-e436

Kriteria Preeklampsia & Preeklampsia Berat

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor HK.01.07/MENKES/91/2017 tentang Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Komplikasi Kehamilan, Lampiran II PNPK Tata Laksana Preeklamsia, Bab III Klasifikasi dan Diagnosis Preeklampsia, Tabel 1 Kriteria Diagnosis Preeklampsia

Kriteria HELLP Syndrome

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Kartu Skor Poedji Rochjati

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Kriteria Diagnosis Diabetes Melitus Gestasional

International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel (Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, et al.). International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010;33(3):676-82. doi:10.2337/dc09-1848

Klasifikasi Hipertensi dalam Kehamilan

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Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)

Jacobs I, Oram D, Fairbanks J, Turner J, Frost C, Grudzinskas JG. A risk of malignancy index incorporating CA 125, ultrasound and menopausal status for the accurate preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990;97(10):922-9, doi 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02448.x

Kriteria Amsel

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Rotterdam Criteria for PCOS

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ECOG Performance Status

ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, ECOG Performance Status Scale. Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC, Horton J, Davis TE, McFadden ET, Carbone PP. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol 1982;5(6):649-55. PMID 7165009

Karnofsky Performance Scale

Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH. The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. In: MacLeod CM, ed. Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Agents. New York: Columbia University Press; 1949:191-205

Charlson Comorbidity Index

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Numeric Rating Scale & Visual Analogue Scale

Downie WW, Leatham PA, Rhind VM, Wright V, Branco JA, Anderson JA. Studies with pain rating scales. Ann Rheum Dis 1978;37(4):378-81

Tabel Konversi Opioid

WHO Guidelines for the Pharmacological and Radiotherapeutic Management of Cancer Pain in Adults and Adolescents. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Annex 6, Tables A6.2 and A6.3

PHQ-9

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.

PHQ-2

Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care 2003;41(11):1284-92

GAD-7

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006;166(10):1092-7

RASS (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale)

Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166(10):1338-44

Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI/PORT)

Fine, M. J., Auble, T. E., Yealy, D. M., Hanusa, B. H., Weissfeld, L. A., Singer, D. E., … Kapoor, W. N. (1997). A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 336(4), 243–250.

mMRC Dyspnoea Scale

Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. (2025). Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2026 report. GOLD.

Alur Diagnosis & Kategori Pengobatan TB Dewasa

Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. HK.01.07/MENKES/755/2019, Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran Tata Laksana Tuberkulosis, Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Jakarta 2020, 156 hal, ISBN 978-602-416-919-0

TB Drug-Resistant Screening Pathway

Kementerian Kesehatan RI, Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit. Petunjuk Teknis Penatalaksanaan Tuberkulosis Resistan Obat di Indonesia, Jakarta 2024, ISBN 978-623-301-453-3. Bab IV (4.3 Kriteria Terduga TBC RO, 4.4 Mekanisme Rujukan) dan 5.2 Alur Diagnosis TBC

Klasifikasi Merokok (Indeks Brinkman)

Mulyawan E, Setiawan JA. The correlation between smoking cumulative dose based on Brinkman Index with peak expiratory flow rate. J Gen Fam Med 2024;25(4):193-197. Index first described by Brinkman GL, Coates EO Jr. Am Rev Respir Dis 1963;87:684-93

ACR/EULAR RA Classification Criteria 2010

Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(9):2569-81, doi 10.1002/art.27584, published simultaneously in Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(9):1580-8

ACR/EULAR Gout Classification Criteria 2015

Neogi T, Jansen TLTA, Dalbeth N, et al. 2015 Gout classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67(10):2557-68, doi 10.1002/art.39254, published simultaneously in Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74(10):1789-98

SLICC & ACR/EULAR SLE Criteria 2019

Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019;71(9):1400-12, Table 1. doi:10.1002/art.40930. Predecessor cited for comparison: Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcon GS, et al. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(8):2677-86

Kellgren-Lawrence Grading

Kellgren JH, Lawrence JS. Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957;16(4):494-502

OSTA (Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians)

Koh LK, Sedrine WB, Torralba TP, et al. A simple tool to identify Asian women at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2001;12(8):699-705. doi:10.1007/s001980170070. PMID 11580084

Straight Leg Raise & Red Flags Nyeri Punggung

Downie A, Williams CM, Henschke N, et al. Red flags to screen for malignancy and fracture in patients with low back pain: systematic review. BMJ 2013;347:f7095. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7095

EPOS Rhinosinusitis Criteria

Fokkens WJ, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S, et al. Executive summary of EPOS 2020 including integrated care pathways. Rhinology 2020;58(2):82-111, doi 10.4193/Rhin20.601

House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading

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Dix-Hallpike & Epley Manoeuvre Protocol

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HINTS Examination

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Klasifikasi Tonsil (Brodsky Grading)

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Klasifikasi Epistaksis & Alur Tatalaksana

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